SEOUL — It was 1992 when a new wave of economic reform in China reminded the Chinese people that getting rich was glorious. Meanwhile, in neighboring North Korea, citizens were being exhorted to take part in a nationwide campaign of their own: “Let’s Eat Two Meals Per Day!”
In the two decades since, even as its Asian neighbors have succeeded at market-style transformations, North Korea has stuck with its command economy — resolutely socialist, centrally planned, stubbornly self-reliant.
“And grindingly poor,” in the words of John Everard, the former British ambassador to North Korea. As the envoy from 2006 to 2008, Mr. Everard saw firsthand that the North was on a “precipitous descent into levels of poverty we more normally associate with sub-Saharan Africa.”
Economic data about the North are notoriously unreliable, but the anecdotal evidence is alarming enough: Children with oversized heads and rust-colored hair — telltale signs of malnutrition. Hospitals where broken legs are splinted with broom handles, where patients are told to bring in empty beer bottles for IV drips. Most factories are closed. Oxen outnumber tractors.